diff --git a/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.spec.ts b/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.spec.ts
index 3f212f5d..0c511223 100644
--- a/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.spec.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ import {
   PageMovedEvent,
   TreeNodeSnapshot,
 } from '../database/listeners/page.listener';
-import { getSpaceRoomName } from './ws.utils';
+import {
+  getSpaceRoomName,
+  WS_SPACE_RESTRICTION_CACHE_PREFIX,
+} from './ws.utils';
 
 const snapshot: TreeNodeSnapshot = {
   id: 'page-1',
@@ -291,6 +294,15 @@ describe('WsService.emitTreeEvent', () => {
     expect(noEmit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it('invalidateSpaceRestrictionCache deletes the cached restriction verdict for that space only', async () => {
+    await service.invalidateSpaceRestrictionCache('space-42');
+
+    expect(cache.del).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(cache.del).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      `${WS_SPACE_RESTRICTION_CACHE_PREFIX}space-42`,
+    );
+  });
+
   it('emitDeleteToUnauthorized sends ONLY to sockets whose user lacks page access', async () => {
     pagePermissionRepo.getUserIdsWithPageAccess.mockResolvedValue(['user-ok']);
 
diff --git a/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.ts b/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.ts
index 98614219..5fa8ef5d 100644
--- a/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.ts
+++ b/apps/server/src/ws/ws-tree.service.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { Page } from '@docmost/db/types/entity.types';
 import { PagePermissionRepo } from '@docmost/db/repos/page/page-permission.repo';
 import { WsService } from './ws.service';
 import {
@@ -145,43 +144,4 @@ export class WsTreeService {
       spaceId,
     });
   }
-
-  async notifyPageRestricted(page: Page, excludeUserId: string): Promise<void> {
-    await this.wsService.emitToSpaceExceptUsers(page.spaceId, [excludeUserId], {
-      operation: 'deleteTreeNode',
-      spaceId: page.spaceId,
-      payload: {
-        node: {
-          id: page.id,
-          slugId: page.slugId,
-        },
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  async notifyPermissionGranted(page: Page, userIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-    if (userIds.length === 0) return;
-
-    await this.wsService.emitToUsers(userIds, {
-      operation: 'addTreeNode',
-      spaceId: page.spaceId,
-      payload: {
-        parentId: page.parentPageId ?? null,
-        index: 0,
-        data: {
-          id: page.id,
-          slugId: page.slugId,
-          name: page.title ?? '',
-          title: page.title,
-          icon: page.icon,
-          position: page.position,
-          spaceId: page.spaceId,
-          parentPageId: page.parentPageId,
-          creatorId: page.creatorId,
-          hasChildren: false,
-          children: [],
-        },
-      },
-    });
-  }
 }
diff --git a/apps/server/src/ws/ws.service.ts b/apps/server/src/ws/ws.service.ts
index 0c23bcef..3a8c8bc3 100644
--- a/apps/server/src/ws/ws.service.ts
+++ b/apps/server/src/ws/ws.service.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import {
   WS_SPACE_RESTRICTION_CACHE_PREFIX,
   WS_CACHE_TTL_MS,
   getSpaceRoomName,
-  getUserRoomName,
 } from './ws.utils';
 
 @Injectable()
@@ -57,6 +56,22 @@ export class WsService {
     await this.broadcastToAuthorizedUsers(room, client.id, pageId, data);
   }
 
+  // Drop the cached spaceHasRestrictions verdict for a space. spaceHasRestrictions
+  // caches "does this space have ANY restricted page" for WS_CACHE_TTL_MS (30s),
+  // and emitTreeEvent / emitCommentEvent take a room-wide fast path when it is
+  // false. The FIRST time a space gains a restriction (or loses its last one)
+  // this cached verdict goes stale for up to the TTL, during which a title/icon-
+  // bearing tree payload could fan out to the whole room. This MUST be called by
+  // whatever code creates or removes a page's restriction (the page-access /
+  // page-permission grant/revoke/restrict path), passing the affected page's
+  // spaceId, so the next emit re-reads hasRestrictedPagesInSpace.
+  //
+  // NOTE: on this branch there is no permission-mutation site to call this from —
+  // the page-access/page-permission repo mutators (insertPageAccess /
+  // insertPagePermissions / deletePagePermission* / updatePagePermissionRole)
+  // have ZERO callers in apps/server/src; PageAccessService only validates access.
+  // This primitive is kept (and tested) so that flow, when it lands, has the
+  // correct hook to invalidate the cache.
   async invalidateSpaceRestrictionCache(spaceId: string): Promise<void> {
     await this.cacheManager.del(
       `${WS_SPACE_RESTRICTION_CACHE_PREFIX}${spaceId}`,
@@ -183,29 +198,6 @@ export class WsService {
     await this.broadcastToAuthorizedUsers(room, null, pageId, data);
   }
 
-  async emitToUsers(userIds: string[], data: any): Promise<void> {
-    if (userIds.length === 0) return;
-    const rooms = userIds.map((id) => getUserRoomName(id));
-    this.server.to(rooms).emit('message', data);
-  }
-
-  async emitToSpaceExceptUsers(
-    spaceId: string,
-    excludeUserIds: string[],
-    data: any,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    const room = getSpaceRoomName(spaceId);
-    const sockets = await this.server.in(room).fetchSockets();
-    const excludeSet = new Set(excludeUserIds);
-
-    for (const socket of sockets) {
-      const userId = socket.data.userId as string;
-      if (userId && !excludeSet.has(userId)) {
-        socket.emit('message', data);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   isTreeEvent(data: any): boolean {
     return TREE_EVENTS.has(data?.operation) && !!data?.spaceId;
   }