feat(tree): add Expand all / Collapse all to the space page tree

The space sidebar tree loaded children one level at a time, so there was
no way to expand the whole tree at once - doing it client-side would mean
recursively paging /pages/sidebar-pages hundreds of times. Add a server
endpoint that returns the whole space tree in one permission-filtered
request, and two menu items in the Space menu that drive it.

Server:
- POST /pages/tree (reuses SidebarPageDto, CASL Read gate) returns
  { items: [...] } - a flat list in the same shape as /pages/sidebar-pages
  (id, slugId, title, icon, position, parentPageId, spaceId, hasChildren,
  canEdit), sorted by position (collate 'C') then id.
- pageRepo.getSpaceDescendants(spaceId, opts): recursive CTE seeded from
  space roots (parentPageId IS NULL). getSpaceDescendantsExcludingRestricted
  is also added (space-rooted variant of getPageAnd*ExcludingRestricted)
  but not used by the read endpoint - see below.
- pageService.getSidebarPagesTree: fetches the whole space tree WITHOUT
  SQL restricted-pruning and lets filterAccessibleTreePages drop
  inaccessible pages + their subtrees. This mirrors the stepwise
  /pages/sidebar-pages behavior, so a restricted page the user HAS
  access to stays visible in expand-all (an earlier draft pruned in SQL
  and hid them - a behavioural regression). canEdit is per-page in
  restricted spaces (filterAccessiblePageIdsWithPermissions) and
  space-wide in open spaces. filterAccessibleTreePages is now public
  and accepts rootPageId=null to treat every top-level page as a root.
- hasChildren is derived in JS (a page hasChildren iff some returned row
  has it as parentPageId) - O(n), no N subqueries.

Client:
- SpaceTree is now a forwardRef exposing { expandAll, collapseAll,
  isExpanding } via useImperativeHandle. expandAll fires one
  getSpaceTree request, merges the full nested tree into treeDataAtom
  (replace-and-merge so the authoritative server tree wins over stale
  partially-loaded roots), opens every branch id of the current space,
  and guards against space switches via spaceIdRef. Errors are logged
  AND surfaced in a notification with the real reason - never a generic
  string. collapseAll clears ONLY current-space ids from the shared
  open-map (does not disturb other spaces).
- isExpanding is lifted to reactive state in SpaceSidebar and passed as
  a prop to SpaceMenu so the Expand item's disabled state actually
  updates (a ref mutation alone would not re-render).
- Two Menu.Items inside SpaceMenu (Expand all / Collapse all), gated
  only by read access (not canManage) - these are view operations.

apps/client/public/locales/en-US/translation.json

@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@
   "Choose your preferred color scheme.": "Choose your preferred color scheme.",
   "Choose your preferred interface language.": "Choose your preferred interface language.",
   "Choose your preferred page width.": "Choose your preferred page width.",
+  "Collapse all": "Collapse all",
   "Confirm": "Confirm",
   "Copy as Markdown": "Copy as Markdown",
   "Copy link": "Copy link",
+  "Couldn't expand the tree: {{reason}}": "Couldn't expand the tree: {{reason}}",
   "Create": "Create",
   "Create group": "Create group",
   "Create page": "Create page",
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@
   "Enter your password": "Enter your password",
   "Error fetching page data.": "Error fetching page data.",
   "Error loading page history.": "Error loading page history.",
+  "Expand all": "Expand all",
   "Export": "Export",
   "Failed to create page": "Failed to create page",
   "Failed to delete page": "Failed to delete page",

apps/client/src/features/page/services/page-service.ts

@@ -69,6 +69,17 @@ export async function getSidebarPages(
   return req.data;
 }
 
+// Fetch the whole space tree (or a single page's subtree) in one shot. Used by
+// the "Expand all" command. Returns a flat list that buildTreeWithChildren turns
+// into the nested tree. Permission-filtered server-side.
+export async function getSpaceTree(params: {
+  spaceId: string;
+  pageId?: string;
+}): Promise<IPage[]> {
+  const req = await api.post<{ items: IPage[] }>("/pages/tree", params);
+  return req.data.items;
+}
+
 export async function getAllSidebarPages(
   params: SidebarPagesParams,
 ): Promise<InfiniteData<IPagination<IPage>, unknown>> {

apps/client/src/features/page/tree/components/space-tree.tsx

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 import { useAtom } from "jotai";
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import {
+  forwardRef,
+  useCallback,
+  useEffect,
+  useImperativeHandle,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState,
+} from "react";
 import { useParams } from "react-router-dom";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { Text } from "@mantine/core";
+import { notifications } from "@mantine/notifications";
 import {
   fetchAllAncestorChildren,
   useGetRootSidebarPagesQuery,
@@ -15,11 +24,16 @@ import { useTreeMutation } from "@/features/page/tree/hooks/use-tree-mutation.ts
 import {
   buildTree,
   buildTreeWithChildren,
+  collectAllIds,
+  collectBranchIds,
   mergeRootTrees,
 } from "@/features/page/tree/utils/utils.ts";
 import { SpaceTreeNode } from "@/features/page/tree/types.ts";
 import { treeModel } from "@/features/page/tree/model/tree-model";
-import { getPageBreadcrumbs } from "@/features/page/services/page-service.ts";
+import {
+  getPageBreadcrumbs,
+  getSpaceTree,
+} from "@/features/page/services/page-service.ts";
 import { IPage } from "@/features/page/types/page.types.ts";
 import { extractPageSlugId } from "@/lib";
 import { DocTree } from "./doc-tree";
@@ -28,9 +42,24 @@ import { SpaceTreeRow } from "./space-tree-row";
 interface SpaceTreeProps {
   spaceId: string;
   readOnly: boolean;
+  // Lifted-state notifier: invoked with true at the start of expandAll and
+  // false in its finally. Lets the parent (SpaceSidebar) re-render and feed
+  // a reactive `isExpanding` prop to SpaceMenu, so the Expand-all item's
+  // disabled state updates while the menu is open. treeRef.current?.isExpanding
+  // alone does NOT trigger a re-render of the menu.
+  onExpandingChange?: (v: boolean) => void;
 }
 
-export default function SpaceTree({ spaceId, readOnly }: SpaceTreeProps) {
+export type SpaceTreeApi = {
+  expandAll: () => Promise<void>;
+  collapseAll: () => void;
+  isExpanding: boolean;
+};
+
+const SpaceTree = forwardRef<SpaceTreeApi, SpaceTreeProps>(function SpaceTree(
+  { spaceId, readOnly, onExpandingChange },
+  ref,
+) {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
   const { pageSlug } = useParams();
   const [data, setData] = useAtom(treeDataAtom);
@@ -43,6 +72,7 @@ export default function SpaceTree({ spaceId, readOnly }: SpaceTreeProps) {
   } = useGetRootSidebarPagesQuery({ spaceId });
   const [openTreeNodes, setOpenTreeNodes] = useAtom(openTreeNodesAtom);
   const [isDataLoaded, setIsDataLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [isExpanding, setIsExpanding] = useState(false);
   const spaceIdRef = useRef(spaceId);
   spaceIdRef.current = spaceId;
   const { data: currentPage } = usePageQuery({
@@ -186,6 +216,66 @@ export default function SpaceTree({ spaceId, readOnly }: SpaceTreeProps) {
     [data, spaceId],
   );
 
+  const expandAll = useCallback(async () => {
+    const startSpaceId = spaceIdRef.current;
+    setIsExpanding(true);
+    onExpandingChange?.(true);
+    try {
+      // One request: the entire space tree, permission-filtered server-side.
+      const items: IPage[] = await getSpaceTree({ spaceId: startSpaceId });
+      // Space switched mid-request — drop the result, don't mutate another space.
+      if (spaceIdRef.current !== startSpaceId) return;
+
+      // IPage[] -> flat SpaceTreeNode[] -> nested tree.
+      const fullTree = buildTreeWithChildren(buildTree(items));
+      setData((prev) => {
+        // fullTree is the server-authoritative complete tree; pass it first so
+        // its fully-nested children win, and any current root absent from the
+        // response is preserved defensively. Other spaces are untouched.
+        const others = prev.filter((n) => n?.spaceId !== startSpaceId);
+        const current = prev.filter((n) => n?.spaceId === startSpaceId);
+        return [...others, ...mergeRootTrees(fullTree, current)];
+      });
+
+      // Open every branch node of the returned tree (leaves need no entry).
+      const branchIds = collectBranchIds(fullTree);
+      setOpenTreeNodes((prev) => {
+        const next = { ...prev };
+        for (const id of branchIds) next[id] = true;
+        return next;
+      });
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      // Never swallow: log the full error AND surface the real reason.
+      console.error("[tree] expandAll failed", err);
+      notifications.show({
+        color: "red",
+        message: t("Couldn't expand the tree: {{reason}}", {
+          reason: err?.response?.data?.message ?? err?.message ?? String(err),
+        }),
+      });
+    } finally {
+      setIsExpanding(false);
+      onExpandingChange?.(false);
+    }
+  }, [setData, setOpenTreeNodes, t, onExpandingChange]);
+
+  const collapseAll = useCallback(() => {
+    // The open-map is shared across spaces; clearing it wholesale would drop
+    // other spaces' expanded state. Collapse only current-space ids.
+    const ids = collectAllIds(filteredData);
+    setOpenTreeNodes((prev) => {
+      const next = { ...prev };
+      for (const id of ids) next[id] = false;
+      return next;
+    });
+  }, [filteredData, setOpenTreeNodes]);
+
+  useImperativeHandle(
+    ref,
+    () => ({ expandAll, collapseAll, isExpanding }),
+    [expandAll, collapseAll, isExpanding],
+  );
+
   // Stable callbacks for DocTree. Without these, every parent render recreates
   // the props and tears down every row's draggable/dropTarget subscription,
   // defeating memo(DocTreeRow).
@@ -228,4 +318,6 @@ export default function SpaceTree({ spaceId, readOnly }: SpaceTreeProps) {
       )}
     </div>
   );
-}
+});
+
+export default SpaceTree;

apps/client/src/features/page/tree/utils/utils.ts

@@ -216,3 +216,33 @@ export function mergeRootTrees(
 
   return sortPositionKeys(merged);
 }
+
+// Collect every node id in the tree (roots, branches, leaves). Used by
+// collapseAll to clear the open-state map for all current-space nodes.
+export function collectAllIds(nodes: SpaceTreeNode[]): string[] {
+  const ids: string[] = [];
+  const walk = (list: SpaceTreeNode[]) => {
+    for (const n of list) {
+      ids.push(n.id);
+      if (n.children?.length) walk(n.children);
+    }
+  };
+  walk(nodes);
+  return ids;
+}
+
+// Collect ids of branch nodes (nodes that have children). Used by expandAll to
+// open every branch in the open-state map; leaves need no entry.
+export function collectBranchIds(nodes: SpaceTreeNode[]): string[] {
+  const ids: string[] = [];
+  const walk = (list: SpaceTreeNode[]) => {
+    for (const n of list) {
+      if (n.children?.length) {
+        ids.push(n.id);
+        walk(n.children);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  walk(nodes);
+  return ids;
+}

apps/client/src/features/space/components/sidebar/space-sidebar.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import {
   Tooltip,
 } from "@mantine/core";
 import {
+  IconArrowsMaximize,
+  IconArrowsMinimize,
   IconArrowDown,
   IconDots,
   IconEye,
@@ -23,14 +25,16 @@ import {
   useUnwatchSpaceMutation,
 } from "@/features/space/queries/space-watcher-query.ts";
 import classes from "./space-sidebar.module.css";
-import React from "react";
+import React, { useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useTreeMutation } from "@/features/page/tree/hooks/use-tree-mutation.ts";
 import { Link, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
 import clsx from "clsx";
 import { useDisclosure } from "@mantine/hooks";
 import SpaceSettingsModal from "@/features/space/components/settings-modal.tsx";
 import { useGetSpaceBySlugQuery } from "@/features/space/queries/space-query.ts";
-import SpaceTree from "@/features/page/tree/components/space-tree.tsx";
+import SpaceTree, {
+  SpaceTreeApi,
+} from "@/features/page/tree/components/space-tree.tsx";
 import { useSpaceAbility } from "@/features/space/permissions/use-space-ability.ts";
 import {
   SpaceCaslAction,
@@ -57,6 +61,11 @@ export function SpaceSidebar() {
   const spaceRules = space?.membership?.permissions;
   const spaceAbility = useSpaceAbility(spaceRules);
   const { handleCreate } = useTreeMutation(space?.id ?? "");
+  const treeRef = useRef<SpaceTreeApi | null>(null);
+  // Lifted mirror of SpaceTree's internal isExpanding, so SpaceSidebar (and
+  // SpaceMenu) re-render when expand-all starts/finishes. treeRef.current
+  // mutations do not trigger re-renders; this state does.
+  const [isTreeExpanding, setIsTreeExpanding] = useState(false);
 
   if (!space) {
     return <></>;
@@ -95,6 +104,8 @@ export function SpaceSidebar() {
             <Group gap="xs">
               <SpaceMenu
                 spaceId={space.id}
+                treeRef={treeRef}
+                isExpanding={isTreeExpanding}
                 canManagePages={spaceAbility.can(
                   SpaceCaslAction.Manage,
                   SpaceCaslSubject.Page,
@@ -122,7 +133,9 @@ export function SpaceSidebar() {
 
           <div className={classes.pages}>
             <SpaceTree
+              ref={treeRef}
               spaceId={space.id}
+              onExpandingChange={setIsTreeExpanding}
               readOnly={spaceAbility.cannot(
                 SpaceCaslAction.Manage,
                 SpaceCaslSubject.Page,
@@ -143,11 +156,18 @@ export function SpaceSidebar() {
 
 interface SpaceMenuProps {
   spaceId: string;
+  treeRef: React.RefObject<SpaceTreeApi | null>;
+  // Reactive (lifted state), NOT treeRef.current?.isExpanding. The latter would
+  // never update the disabled state while the menu is open because ref mutations
+  // do not trigger re-renders.
+  isExpanding: boolean;
   canManagePages: boolean;
   onSpaceSettings: () => void;
 }
 function SpaceMenu({
   spaceId,
+  treeRef,
+  isExpanding,
   canManagePages,
   onSpaceSettings,
 }: SpaceMenuProps) {
@@ -226,6 +246,21 @@ function SpaceMenu({
             {isWatching ? t("Stop watching space") : t("Watch space")}
           </Menu.Item>
 
+          <Menu.Divider />
+          <Menu.Item
+            onClick={() => treeRef.current?.expandAll()}
+            leftSection={<IconArrowsMaximize size={16} />}
+            disabled={isExpanding}
+          >
+            {t("Expand all")}
+          </Menu.Item>
+          <Menu.Item
+            onClick={() => treeRef.current?.collapseAll()}
+            leftSection={<IconArrowsMinimize size={16} />}
+          >
+            {t("Collapse all")}
+          </Menu.Item>
+
           {canManagePages && (
             <>
               <Menu.Divider />

apps/server/src/core/page/page.controller.ts

@@ -578,6 +578,52 @@ export class PageController {
     );
   }
 
+  @HttpCode(HttpStatus.OK)
+  @Post('/tree')
+  async getTree(
+    @Body() dto: SidebarPageDto,
+    @AuthUser() user: User,
+  ) {
+    if (!dto.spaceId && !dto.pageId) {
+      throw new BadRequestException(
+        'Either spaceId or pageId must be provided',
+      );
+    }
+    let spaceId = dto.spaceId;
+
+    if (dto.pageId) {
+      const page = await this.pageRepo.findById(dto.pageId);
+      if (!page) {
+        throw new ForbiddenException();
+      }
+
+      spaceId = page.spaceId;
+    }
+
+    const ability = await this.spaceAbility.createForUser(user, spaceId);
+    if (ability.cannot(SpaceCaslAction.Read, SpaceCaslSubject.Page)) {
+      throw new ForbiddenException();
+    }
+
+    const spaceCanEdit = ability.can(
+      SpaceCaslAction.Edit,
+      SpaceCaslSubject.Page,
+    );
+
+    // Returns the whole space tree (or a single page's subtree when pageId is
+    // given) as a flat list of sidebar items, permission-filtered. Used by the
+    // client's "Expand all" command so it can build the full tree in one request
+    // instead of recursively paging one level at a time. Wrapped in { items }
+    // for forward-compatible extensions.
+    const items = await this.pageService.getSidebarPagesTree(
+      spaceId,
+      user.id,
+      spaceCanEdit,
+      dto.pageId,
+    );
+    return { items };
+  }
+
   @HttpCode(HttpStatus.OK)
   @Post('move-to-space')
   async movePageToSpace(

apps/server/src/core/page/services/page.service.ts

@@ -1132,12 +1132,16 @@ export class PageService {
    * 1. The user has access to it
    * 2. Its parent is also included (or it's the root page)
    * This ensures that if a middle page is inaccessible, its entire subtree is excluded.
+   *
+   * Used by both movePageToSpace (single-root subtree) and the expand-all tree
+   * endpoint (whole space). When rootPageId is null, every top-level page
+   * (parentPageId IS NULL) is treated as a root.
    */
-  private async filterAccessibleTreePages<
+  async filterAccessibleTreePages<
     T extends { id: string; parentPageId: string | null },
   >(
     pages: T[],
-    rootPageId: string,
+    rootPageId: string | null,
     userId: string,
     spaceId?: string,
   ): Promise<T[]> {
@@ -1165,8 +1169,12 @@ export class PageService {
         if (includedIds.has(page.id)) continue;
         if (!accessibleSet.has(page.id)) continue;
 
-        // Root page: include if accessible
+        // Root page: include if accessible. For the whole-space tree case
-        if (page.id === rootPageId) {
+        // (rootPageId === null), any top-level page counts as a root.
+        if (
+          page.id === rootPageId ||
+          (rootPageId === null && page.parentPageId === null)
+        ) {
           includedIds.add(page.id);
           changed = true;
           continue;
@@ -1182,4 +1190,119 @@ export class PageService {
 
     return pages.filter((p) => includedIds.has(p.id));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the whole space tree as a flat list of sidebar items,
+   * permission-filtered, mirroring the two-branch logic of getSidebarPages.
+   * Used by the expand-all endpoint so the client can build the full tree in
+   * one request instead of paging one level at a time.
+   *
+   * Always fetches the whole space tree WITHOUT SQL restricted-pruning: the
+   * regular /pages/sidebar-pages endpoint does not prune restricted pages in
+   * SQL either, it filters them per-user afterwards. Pruning in SQL (as
+   * getSpaceDescendantsExcludingRestricted does) would hide restricted pages
+   * the user HAS access to — a behavioural regression vs the normal sidebar.
+   * filterAccessibleTreePages below drops inaccessible pages AND their
+   * subtrees, preserving tree integrity.
+   *
+   * pageId is accepted for API symmetry with the single-level endpoint but is
+   * NOT used in v1: the whole space is always returned. Subtree mode is a
+   * future enhancement (TODO).
+   *
+   * hasChildren is derived from the returned set (a page has children iff
+   * another returned page lists it as parent), so leaves simply have no
+   * children in the response — no per-row subquery needed.
+   */
+  async getSidebarPagesTree(
+    spaceId: string,
+    userId: string,
+    spaceCanEdit: boolean,
+    _pageId?: string,
+  ): Promise<
+    Array<{
+      id: string;
+      slugId: string;
+      title: string;
+      icon: string;
+      position: string;
+      parentPageId: string | null;
+      spaceId: string;
+      hasChildren: boolean;
+      canEdit: boolean;
+    }>
+  > {
+    // Always fetch the whole space tree without SQL restricted-pruning (see
+    // the JSDoc above for why). filterAccessibleTreePages handles per-user
+    // access in the restricted branch below.
+    let pages = await this.pageRepo.getSpaceDescendants(spaceId, {
+      includeContent: false,
+    });
+
+    const hasRestrictions =
+      await this.pagePermissionRepo.hasRestrictedPagesInSpace(spaceId);
+
+    if (hasRestrictions) {
+      // Per-user access filter + tree-integrity pruning: a middle page being
+      // inaccessible excludes its whole subtree. rootPageId=null treats every
+      // top-level page (parentPageId IS NULL) as a root.
+      pages = await this.filterAccessibleTreePages(pages, null, userId, spaceId);
+
+      // Per-page canEdit on the accessible set.
+      const pageIds = pages.map((p) => p.id);
+      const accessibleWithPerms =
+        pageIds.length > 0
+          ? await this.pagePermissionRepo.filterAccessiblePageIdsWithPermissions(
+              pageIds,
+              userId,
+            )
+          : [];
+      const permMap = new Map(
+        accessibleWithPerms.map((p) => [p.id, p.canEdit]),
+      );
+      pages = pages.map((p) => ({
+        ...p,
+        canEdit: (permMap.get(p.id) ?? false) && spaceCanEdit,
+      }));
+    } else {
+      // Open space: every page is visible to space members, canEdit is the
+      // space-level edit ability.
+      pages = pages.map((p) => ({ ...p, canEdit: spaceCanEdit }));
+    }
+
+    if (pages.length === 0) return [];
+
+    // Derive hasChildren in JS from the returned set (O(n)): a page has
+    // children iff some returned page lists it as its parent. Avoids N
+    // withHasChildren subqueries the single-level endpoint uses.
+    const parentIds = new Set(
+      pages
+        .map((p) => p.parentPageId)
+        .filter((id): id is string => Boolean(id)),
+    );
+
+    const items = pages.map((p: any) => ({
+      id: p.id,
+      slugId: p.slugId,
+      title: p.title,
+      icon: p.icon,
+      position: p.position,
+      parentPageId: p.parentPageId,
+      spaceId: p.spaceId,
+      hasChildren: parentIds.has(p.id),
+      canEdit: p.canEdit,
+    }));
+
+    // Sort by position collate "C" asc, then id asc — matches the sidebar's
+    // cursor-pagination order. Raw string comparison (< / >) matches PG
+    // collation "C" byte order; localeCompare would NOT (it is locale-aware).
+    items.sort((a, b) => {
+      if (a.position < b.position) return -1;
+      if (a.position > b.position) return 1;
+      if (a.id < b.id) return -1;
+      if (a.id > b.id) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    });
+
+    return items;
+  }
 }

apps/server/src/database/repos/page/page.repo.ts

@@ -672,4 +672,136 @@ export class PageRepo {
         .execute()
     );
   }
+
+  // Space-rooted variant of getPageAndDescendants: seeds the recursive CTE from
+  // the space's root pages (parentPageId IS NULL) instead of a single page, so a
+  // single request returns the whole space tree. Used by the expand-all endpoint.
+  async getSpaceDescendants(
+    spaceId: string,
+    opts: { includeContent: boolean },
+  ) {
+    return this.db
+      .withRecursive('page_hierarchy', (db) =>
+        db
+          .selectFrom('pages')
+          .select([
+            'id',
+            'slugId',
+            'title',
+            'icon',
+            'position',
+            'parentPageId',
+            'spaceId',
+            'workspaceId',
+            'createdAt',
+            'updatedAt',
+          ])
+          .$if(opts?.includeContent, (qb) => qb.select('content'))
+          .where('parentPageId', 'is', null)
+          .where('spaceId', '=', spaceId)
+          .where('deletedAt', 'is', null)
+          .unionAll((exp) =>
+            exp
+              .selectFrom('pages as p')
+              .select([
+                'p.id',
+                'p.slugId',
+                'p.title',
+                'p.icon',
+                'p.position',
+                'p.parentPageId',
+                'p.spaceId',
+                'p.workspaceId',
+                'p.createdAt',
+                'p.updatedAt',
+              ])
+              .$if(opts?.includeContent, (qb) => qb.select('p.content'))
+              .innerJoin('page_hierarchy as ph', 'p.parentPageId', 'ph.id')
+              .where('p.deletedAt', 'is', null),
+          ),
+      )
+      .selectFrom('page_hierarchy')
+      .selectAll()
+      .execute();
+  }
+
+  // Space-rooted variant of getPageAndDescendantsExcludingRestricted: prunes
+  // restricted subtrees in SQL (stops traversing at restricted pages). Seeds from
+  // the space's root pages by default, or from a single page when pageId is given
+  // (single-subtree mode). Used by the expand-all endpoint for spaces that have
+  // page-level restrictions.
+  async getSpaceDescendantsExcludingRestricted(
+    spaceId: string,
+    pageId: string | null,
+    opts: { includeContent: boolean },
+  ) {
+    return (
+      this.db
+        .withRecursive('page_hierarchy', (db) =>
+          db
+            .selectFrom('pages')
+            .leftJoin('pageAccess', 'pageAccess.pageId', 'pages.id')
+            .select([
+              'pages.id',
+              'pages.slugId',
+              'pages.title',
+              'pages.icon',
+              'pages.position',
+              'pages.parentPageId',
+              'pages.spaceId',
+              'pages.workspaceId',
+              sql<boolean>`page_access.id IS NOT NULL`.as('isRestricted'),
+            ])
+            .$if(opts?.includeContent, (qb) => qb.select('pages.content'))
+            .where((eb) =>
+              pageId
+                ? eb.and([
+                    eb('pages.id', '=', pageId),
+                    eb('pages.deletedAt', 'is', null),
+                  ])
+                : eb.and([
+                    eb('pages.parentPageId', 'is', null),
+                    eb('pages.spaceId', '=', spaceId),
+                    eb('pages.deletedAt', 'is', null),
+                  ]),
+            )
+            .unionAll((exp) =>
+              exp
+                .selectFrom('pages as p')
+                .innerJoin('page_hierarchy as ph', 'p.parentPageId', 'ph.id')
+                .leftJoin('pageAccess', 'pageAccess.pageId', 'p.id')
+                .select([
+                  'p.id',
+                  'p.slugId',
+                  'p.title',
+                  'p.icon',
+                  'p.position',
+                  'p.parentPageId',
+                  'p.spaceId',
+                  'p.workspaceId',
+                  sql<boolean>`page_access.id IS NOT NULL`.as('isRestricted'),
+                ])
+                .$if(opts?.includeContent, (qb) => qb.select('p.content'))
+                .where('p.deletedAt', 'is', null)
+                // Only recurse into children of non-restricted pages
+                .where('ph.isRestricted', '=', false),
+            ),
+        )
+        .selectFrom('page_hierarchy')
+        .select([
+          'id',
+          'slugId',
+          'title',
+          'icon',
+          'position',
+          'parentPageId',
+          'spaceId',
+          'workspaceId',
+        ])
+        .$if(opts?.includeContent, (qb) => qb.select('content'))
+        // Filter out restricted pages from the result
+        .where('isRestricted', '=', false)
+        .execute()
+    );
+  }
 }